Marx and Weber’s Analyses of the Development of Capitalism Essay Example for Free

Marx and Weber’s Analyses of the Development of Capitalism Essay Free enterprise is characterized as ‘An monetary and political framework in which a countrys exchange and industry are constrained by private proprietors for profit.’ It depends on the division between two classes, one of which claims the work of the other. Not exclusively do the high societies, or the bourgeoisie, own the methods for physical creation yet in addition the methods for ‘mental production’. They control and control society through the standard of training, religion and the media. Althusser recognizes abusive state devices and ideological state mechanical assemblies and contends about how the bourgeoisie figures out how to keep up its standard. He contends that the harsh remembers the police and the military for which utilize physical power to control the average workers rather than the ideological devices, for example, the media and religion which control the improvement of thoughts. A key segment of private enterprise is that the common laborers are compelled to sell their work in return for compensation so as to endure. Be that as it may, they don't get an equivalent trade for the work they produce, yet just the expense of resource. The distinction of what the bourgeoisie get from the workers and the sum they take care of is known as the excess worth, which means the benefit they make. Max Weber was one of the establishing fathers of human science and contributed profoundly as far as anyone is concerned of how society functions. Weber’s work can be featured by alluding to his investigation The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, first distributed in 1905 (22 years after the demise of Karl Marx in 1883). Weber contends that the Protestant Reformation presented another conviction arrangement of Calvinism (a type of Protestantism established by John Calvin during the transformation) which advanced a high hard working attitude and which in the long run prompted the ascent in free enterprise. Calvinists accepted that God predetermines the ‘elect’ importance of who might be spared after death and go onto paradise and who might not. This couldn't be changed through difficult work or having a decent existence as the choice had just been chosen. This caused Calvinists to make progress toward progress, with which they would reinvest into gettin g more cash, consequently the advancement of private enterprise. Weber recognizes the contrasts between the private enterprise of insatiability and riches in past social orders to those of present. Current individuals are pressing together benefit for the wellbeing of its own instead of for utilization, thus why the Calvinists reinvested their riches. Weber calls this the soul of free enterprise. He further contends this was the explanation private enterprise was more grounded in places like Europe and America and not in different spots where Protestantism wasnt so settled. Weber additionally recognizes a wide range of existing types of private enterprise including ‘traditional capitalism’ and ‘booty capitalism’; anyway the critical perfect sort is the one named present day free enterprise, or levelheaded free enterprise meaning the dull, continuous monetary movement based on sane computation. Understanding what necessities to occur and what the most ideal method of accomplishing it is, takes into consideration reinvestment and the development of monetary undertakings. He contends that it is the normal side of present day free enterprise that recognizes it from other progressed financial zones, for example, China and India, the two of which had higher and further developed frameworks in the seventeenth century contrasted with Europe and America. In any case, Weber is gigantically reprimanded for his comprehension of the ascent in free enterprise because of others accepting that it was the people groups relationship with the material powers and there methods for subsidence which drove the change. Weber takes a key spotlight on religion and the effect that had on the remainder of society just as private enterprise, though Marx centers around class struggle. Marx contends that through industrialisation free enterprise had been compelled to increment because of developing division of the two differentiating classes. One class is the abusing bourgeoisie who own the methods for creation and the different class being the low class who own only their own work. Marx anticipated that the regular workers would in the long run become aware of their estrangement and abuse and join to topple private enterprise. This would gradually get an arrangement of communism which would bit by bit advance into an unadulterated ridiculous socialist society ailing in abuse. He contended that private enterprise would crumble because of inside pressures, much the same as each other social framework. He accepted that socialism was unavoidably the following stage in the line of authentic changes to class f rameworks. Similarly as feudalism was supplanted by private enterprise, so free enterprise would be supplanted by socialism. Marx contends that religion plays out an unexpected capacity in comparison to that of what Weber contends. Rather it works as a ‘ideological weapon’ utilized by the bourgeoisie to legitimize the enduring of the poor as something unchangeable and ‘god-given’. Religion convinces the regular workers that their enduring is noteworthy and moral and will be supported in eternity. This is clear in the Christianity instructing of it is ‘easier for a camel to go through the aperture of a needle than it is for a rich man to enter the realm of heaven’. This controls and persecutes the low class as it renders them ignorant concerning free enterprise patterns; resulting and keeping up bogus class awareness. Be that as it may, Marx can be censured for disregarding the positive capacities that religions perform, made obvious by the mental acclimation to mishap that it offers. Abercrombie and Turner (1978) contend that ‘in pre industrialist society, while Christianity was a significant component of administering class belief system, it had just restricted effect on the peasantry’ (A2 Sociology AQA Specification, 2009, pg 13) However, in spite of the fact that Marx argues that religion assists with controlling the control of thoughts of the average workers he likewise accepts that it is ‘the heart of the merciless world and the spirit of cruel conditions’, as it can go about as an interruption to dull the agony of abuse. When analyzing two exceptionally persuasive history specialists, for example, Karl Marx and Max Weber, some would contend that it is profoundly critical to take a gander at their general effect on society just as humankind. Karl Marx concentrated exceptionally on reasoning and his work is as yet persuasive in numerous societies overall today. This differentiations to Max Weber who is considered ‘one of the dads of present day thought’ and could be viewed as one of the world’s generally savvy and persuasive people. Albeit the two students of history share clear likenesses, for instance both originating from an European Protestant foundation they additionally differentiate and have unmistakable contrasts. Weber reprimands Marx’s hypothesis as he accepts that his view is excessively one dimensional and oversimplified when taking a gander at disparity. Weber contends this is because of Marx considering class to be the main significant division. Weber contends that status and force additionally have high effect on the volume of imbalance. He focuses towards the ‘power elite’ for proof and contends that they can run without really claiming the methods for creation. As of now there are numerous autonomous organizations that can control and rule specific workers without being a piece of the bourgeoisie, it isn't as straightforward as Marx can imagine to lecture. A lot of individuals are in different circumstances than when Marx was composing, for instance ‘dealers in data, supervisors and common servants’, implying that the overall significance of the battle among proprietors and laborers has generally declined. In spite of the fact that Marx and Weber have serious contrasts in their assessment of current free enterprise their increases likewise share numerous likenesses. The two of them accept that the monetary framework is where â€Å"individuals are coordinated by abstractions† (Marx). We should likewise consider the hours of which the two sociologists were composing. Weber is composing almost 50 years after the fact and spotlights profoundly on the effect of influence, riches and esteem. He contends that these were the three fundamental variables adding to private enterprise and the differentiation of classes. This differences to Marx who centers uniquely around the effect of class and how the differentiation of bourgeoisie and working class affected on the ascent of free enterprise. Be that as it may, both of their rundowns of toppling private enterprise share numerous likenesses. The two sociologists contend that with the end goal for private enterprise to be ousted the common laborers must join to topple the decision class and free themselves from industrialist persecution. Reference index Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1932). The German Ideology . Moscow: David Riazanov. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848). Proclamation of the socialist party. London. Max Weber (1978). Economy and Society. California: University of California Press. Thomas Hobbes (1988). The Leviathan. London : Penguin . Phil Bartle. (2007). Marx versus Weber. Accessible: http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/cmp/modules/cla-mweb.htm. Last got to tenth October 2012. Louis Althusser. (1970). Philosophy and Ideological State Apparatuses. Accessible: http://www.marxists.org/reference/file/althusser/1970/ideology.htm 970. Last got to tenth October 2012 Michael Lowy. (2006). Marx, Weber and the Critique of Capitalism . Accessible: http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1106 . Last got to tenth October 2012. No Author. (1999). Max Weber. Accessible: http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/s30f99.htm. Last got to tenth October 2012. D. Sayer, Capitalism and Modernity: An Excurses on Marx and Weber, pg. 4, London: Routledge, 1991. Sleeve, E. C., W. W. Sharrock and D. W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third release, London, Routledge, 1992.

Chumash uprising 1824 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chumash uprising 1824 - Research Paper Example This parallel between the provincial and the colonized societies was, naturally, something that the local networks discovered exceptionally difficult to process. The Chumash Uprising of 1824 was one such revolt that made it understood to the Spanish colonizers that a thoughtless degrading of indigenous societies and conventions would not go on without serious consequences. There was little that these societies could do in these circumstances as far as their military may; nonetheless, they had the option to mount social difficulties through the conservation of their own societies. This is the thing that the Chumash did too. In spite of switches the extent that the military part of their revolt was concerned, they saved their way of life in specific manners through their very own after religions and methods of creation. In any case, one needs to investigate why the Chumash wanted to revolt in any case. This was unquestionably a result of the Spanish endeavors to destroy their way of li fe and the indigenous methods of being. This prompted strain that at that point rose over as the Chumash uprising of 1824. This was then something that can be taken a gander at as a declaration of an indigenous personality and the images and signs that are appended to it. The Spanish endeavor to spread Catholicism was additionally a strong reason for the uprising. Indigenous societies all around the globe had religions of its own. The Chumash were the same most definitely. They had their own religions and methods of living. This was what the Spanish colonizers decided to challenge as a major aspect of their main goal. This was a piece of a drive where they accepted that they had a decent information on the Chumash society and their way of life. This information is the thing that they utilized to practice their power over the Chumash society. Edward Said, in his original work on postcolonial social orders and the marvel of imperialism, says that this idea of information was then chan ged over into power by the colonizers (Said 2000, 12). Notwithstanding, their defective information prompted slippages in the activity of their capacity and exposed space for rebellions and uprisings, for example, the one that was completed by the Chumash. The interstices of frontier stories should be investigated for a superior comprehension of such issues. They would assist one with understanding the focuses at which the colonizer’s power was undermined and tested. This would then prompt a superior seeing even of postcolonial social orders as a rule as a reproduction of history is fundamental for a superior comprehension of these social orders. Another part of the colonization was the way that the colonizers consistently empowered just the respectability of the local nation (Jackson and Castillo 1995, 36â€37). On the off chance that there was any opportunities for the everyday people to be a piece of the provincial organization, there may have been a likelihood that the locals would have helped out the pioneer organization. In any case, this was not so on account of the Chumash. The pilgrim organization regularly worked together with the local respectability in order to mistreat the ordinary people. This brought about whatever help may have been workable for the colonizers to not rise. This isn't to call attention to any beneficial outcome that imperialism may have had, yet just to feature how there was a nexus between the colonizer and the higher classes of the colonized society. This at that point prompted more noteworthy

The Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Accordingly, I set models that helped me decide the devoutness of individuals on planet Earth: their one God, the prophet who fills in as the people’s pioneer, the heavenly book which gives individuals profound direction, and sacred writings or lessons that sway people’s qualities and practices. Before I further depict the measures which I built up for my strict journey on planet Earth, I trust it is important to attempt to characterize what religion on planet Earth implies. Alternate points of view offer various meanings of the term â€Å"religion.† In its very embodiment, religion on Earth represents its people’s relationship with a heavenly being, or a divinity, who is accepted to have power over certain parts of living and of the world (Idinopulos, 1998). Individuals call this extraordinary being in an unexpected way: some consider it their â€Å"God,† while others consider it their â€Å"Allah.† Nonetheless, this heavenly being helps ind ividuals in understanding the world and the significance and significance of human presence. This comprehension gives structure and dependability inside their general public, and exposits the endeavors and purposes for the mankind (Idinopulos, 1998). ... They further accept that their God controls all types of life on the planet and in this manner can take all these living things back. However much as could reasonably be expected, individuals on the planet attempt to live legitimately and profoundly to make their God upbeat and fulfilled. Moreover, for an establishment to be considered as religion there should be a sure character, a prophet as they call it, that fills in as the people’s pioneer. This prophet has otherworldly capacities and phenomenal characters which permit the prophet to address their one God and give direction to the individuals. To put it plainly, the prophet is the detachment of God. Aside from their God and prophet, another regular standard of religions on Earth is the blessed book. Each religion on the planet has a heavenly book that gives direction to mankind to the correct heading for salvation that demonstrates the best approach to heaven (Elsaie, n.d.). The sacred book, likewise, traces the activitie s and practices which are ethically satisfactory for the foundation, and unmistakably sums up the perfect measures that individuals need to follow. In conclusion, strict gatherings of individuals on Earth include reverential and ceremonial lessons which contain the ethical code administering the qualities and conduct of human issues. So as to additionally examine reality behind the standards I set for my strict examination on Earth, I looked further at the three significant strict convictions on Earth dependent on number of followers: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism (Adherents.com, 2007). On planet Earth, there are around 1.9 billion Christians, or 33% of the world’s whole populace (Adherents.com, 2007). It is accepted to be the biggest religion on earth. Christianity accepts

The Societal Impact Of The Internet Essay free essay sample

The Societal Impact Of The Internet. Exposition, Research Paper In our cutting edge society, building has affected our lives in about each aspect possible. Our life way has gotten one of the new ages, covering admirably with strands of new building every twenty-four hours. In the event that you would stop for a moment and brush upon recollections from your relative days gone by, you too much can perceive what an effect building has had, each piece great as the improvement it has attempted. Ten mature ages back individuals could non hold envisioned how unique their lives would be. Today numerous families contain in any event one individualized computing machine. The least difficult of things have all changed on history of more up to date, better, quicker and progressively effective signifiers of cutting edge designing. An essential point of convergence can be taken totally on the effect processing machines have had in our evolving universe. In any case, I as a student would want to get the range significantly more distant, as to break down the eff ect the Internet has had upon individuals and their lives. It is sheltered to assume that about everyone has found out about the Internet, and many have encountered it. The Internet is a conglobation of overall networks connected together, which we as clients have open dish to. The truly start of the Internet comprised of four head figuring machines connected together, which they called the ARPANET ( Shelly-Cashman,7.3 ) . The U.S. Branch of Defense supported this underlying web. These processing machines where nil like the Internet we are aware of today, they only moved data in a truly unpleasant way, yet at the same time it was the start. The main parts of the bargains web were to make an arrangement of connected figuring machines over a nation of land, which would be run regardless of whether one of the four registering machines broke down. The second aim was to let researchers to partition comprehension and informations over the given nation of land ( Shelly - Cashman,7.3 ) . Today the Internet goes over the Earth, joining data a long wa ys past that of which it s Godheads ever envisioned. Initially the Internet was assume to consolidate only that data refering the logical orders, yet as it developed, the delight expectations of the clients got recognizable. To day of the month, the Internet contains data on about any subject, topographic point, and so forth. Focal points of the Internet are its speed, limit and minimal effort. These truly includes are the fixings to the reorganization of our general public, as building progresss, individuals have gotten increasingly anxious to have the most conceivable, at all aggregate of clasp for the least whole of cost. The Internet has permitted our universe non simply to spread out, however the Internet has added some alone goes to the universe we presently live in. Twenty mature ages prior, on the off chance that you expected to gain foundation data on an unconventional subject for school, work or relaxation, you needed to make it at a library, or comparable establishment, w hich only permitted you dish during their anxiety hours. Today society has entered the Information Superhighway. This name is regularly connected with the Internet, as it is the start of something that has neer been seen previously. One can get data, give data and base on balls it along to individual else in an undertaking of proceedingss. People groups have course to shopping, others, data and other topographic focuses. The Internet permits us to expand our discussing channels with others around the Earth, parcel what they offer, and uproot it further all through the network.In add-on to these incredible points of interest the Internet offers us, there are numerous disservices that relate. Expanded conveying has both profited our general public, each piece great as injury it. The Internet has reproduced another coevals of offense and unconfined noxious information.When a client signs on the Internet he has the pick with regards to the data he/she decides to see, yet the weakness is that there is a tremendous whole of data on the Internet that whenever applied dishonestly could hurt numerous individuals. An ideal delineation can be found in the ongoing ruinous mass killing in Littleton, Colorado. The two male childs who submitted this repulsive demonstration had been imparting their projects over the Internet to other people, designs that included how-to messages for making explosives. Different messages they sent contained hazardous comments coordinated at individual equivalents of their classification whom they did non like. These sorts of utilization on the Internet are what have made another age of criminals. Ten mature ages back, there where non any Internet offenses, individuals didn t even comprehend what that term implied. However in today s society the effect of the Internet can be seen on a head prosecutor ily balance in papers, magazines and media. Web offenses extend from figuring machine misrepresentation to killing. Governments have needed to larn to cover with this new condemnable segment. The central worry with the Internet is that there is no existent agency or gathering vested to order it s content, henceforth leting the client to be entirely free concerning what they read, or flexibly on the Internet itself. In add-on to the more horrible hindrances to the use of the Internet, the Internet has other than made Internet tranquilize addicts, individuals whom burn through expanded times of clasp on the web. In a review directed by Viktor Brenner of the University of Buffalo, Viktor endeavors to indicate the footings of Internet reliance, each piece great as devise insights to name to this new wonder. There are individuals whom are signed on the Internet every one of the twenty-four hours, if non all dim, losing sleep, doing bothers in family unit life, and putting some distance between other existent individuals around them because of their reliance to the Internet. In spite of the fact that Viktor s review was non finished, he expressed that many are dependent on shoot the breeze suites, pornography destinations and web surfboarding when all is said in done. It is intriguing to see the terminal choices to this review, in light of the fact that being an Internet client I could perceive what number of individuals could go dependent on the Internet. The data fundamental street has extremely barely any limits ; Internet reliance is emphatically a possibility.In investigating the Internet and its hindrances, one can plainly observe that it s points of interest out of sight it s weaknesses. The Internet is other than answerable for some extraordinary accomplishments as great. It has furnished the universe with a 24-hour segment shop, endless beguilement and improved channels of imparting as referenced before. The Internet has made individuals in certain occasions 1000000s of dollars, through the utilization of electronic exchanging of stocks and different protections. Not to advert that it has given Internet Service Providers, for example, America On-line, Netscape and Bill Gates ( Microsoft ) each with their ain little karma. The Internet permits clients to put orders for buys, look into stocks and sell stocks with the straightforward dash of their mouse. Beside the things it brings to the table in the retail and account businesses, the Internet has given individuals probably the best favorable position of all, that is expanded conveying, at a truly ease. You can sign on and converse with companions and relations around the universe, even run into new companions in topographic focuses you neer knew about. In add-on this has permitted expanded imparting for worries to use each piece great. As recognized in an Internet related article, concerns are currently using the Internet to pass on the other hand of the telephone. The expense suffered by the Internet is far lower than the expenses of the use of telephones, copied and mail. The basic diminishing in paper use completely would rescue organizations 1000s every twelvemonth. On the off chance that you can coordinate email, why wage postage, in the event that you can check a papers why compensation copy charges, and in the event that you can videoconference why wage for a call? Businesss have figured ou t how to use the Internet as an instrument, an extremely significant apparatus so. The expense of Internet administrations for the mean client is about $ 20 every month, there is no way anybody could pulverize this money related worth in the event that they utilized the copy to coordinate messages, or get off a reminder each clasp they simply expected to state hullo to a companion. As the Internet keeps on turning and sprout so will we as clients, forming into whatever the Internet shapes us to be. The total effect of the Internet is difficult to buttockss, in light of the fact that it is as yet changing, however truth be told, something that might be lost in the ever-enduring accounts about the Internet, Internet organizations and Internet [ clients ] is this really is an upheaval # 8211 ; yet like most truly significant modifications, it is an upset estimated in decennaries, non hebdomads and months, and no 1, including the most immediate members, genuinely knows how it will modif y our lives ( Burns ) BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 1. Identifying Computer 98 ; A Link to the Future. Shelly, B. Gary, Cashman, J. Thomas, Waggoner, A. Gloria, Waggoner, C. William. Shelly Cashman arrangement 1998, ( page 7.3 ) .2. Web is an upheaval for the # 8217 ; 90s. The Dallas Morning News, Copyright A ; transcript 1996 The Dallas Morning News All Rights Reserved, 08-04-1996, pp 1H.3. Is it true that you are Addicted To The Internet? . Newsbytes News Network. Copyright A ; transcript 1996 Newsbytes News Network. , 02-12-19964. A Broken Society. The London Free Press. Last Edition, Editorial/Opinion Section Copyright A ; transcript 1999, from The London Free Press.

Top Ten Lessons from Global Brands

Top Ten Lessons from Global Brands 1. BRAND NAME IS IMPORTANTTravelling abroad brings a wealth of new experiences and challenges. Discovering new foods, trying something new, perhaps learning (or wishing you had learned) a new language â€" it all can be exhilarating and exciting. Regardless of how enthusiastic you are about your newfound love of exotic living, there is an oddly comforting feeling when you spot a sign for a business that is from your home country. You may not even go in, but just knowing that a piece of the familiar is there can bring about a small measure of peace of mind.If you are considering branching out into the global marketplace, there are a few key points about brand name that are extremely important. One of the primary concerns about developing a brand name for a global marketplace is to ensure that the name has universal appeal. Find the commonalities among people of all cultures and incorporate those ideas into choosing the right name for your company. In addition, make sure that the name y ou choose is easily understood on a global scale. If the name will require additional translation or explanation, it is probably not the right name. Finally, ensure that the name does not get lost in translation. The word preservatives, for example, means additives to food that help prolong the lifespan of a product. That same word, préservatifs in French, however, means condom â€" a vast difference.Choosing a global brand name can be challenging, but is often the most recognizable piece of information a company can broadcast. Ensuring that the name is appropriate in multiple languages, has a universal appeal and can be understood by a majority of the world’s audiences is the first step in building a global economy. Once the name has been chosen, commit to building that brand on the global scale. 2. FIND COMMON GROUNDEven though the communities of the world are vastly different from one another, there are some commonalities of themes that unite people across the globe. Themes suc h as love, family and friendship reach beyond national borders and touch people â€" regardless of ethnicity or rationality. These ‘generic’ themes can center on the love of good food, the celebrations of life or the beauty of friendship. Families in Poland can identify with sitting down to eat a holiday meal, just like the families in France, China or Australia. Use the symbols and expressions of these common themes to promote the message of the company. By building your brand around these themes, it identifies to potential customers the values that the company deems important and helps to solidify the brand association with those themes.Using the common themes that have global appeal, your company can begin to develop a relationship with the customer. BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands study has shown that customers are more likely to buy from someone with whom they have a trusted relationship already established. This idea can be seen in the difference between Apple an d Samsung. When put into a head-to-head lineup, the differences between the two companies are negligible. However, Apple out performs Samsung in sales every year. What is the secret ingredient that Samsung is lacking? Brand recognition and trust. Apple is a part of the vernacular now, and with the iPod, iPhone, iPad, they seem to have cornered the market on how to connect with the audience. Regardless of the minimal differences, people will repeatedly choose Apple because they are more familiar with the name.Find a common ground element that you can build your company around, and then maximize the opportunities to connect with the larger global market.3. ACT GLOBALLY, THINK LOCALLYWhile building a global company, it is easy to dismiss the local markets in favor of creating a world-dominator. Be careful not to fall into the trap of ignoring what happens in the smaller, more central local markets and spending all your time and money to build a universally approved company. Even though you have developed a globally themed company, there are benefits to maintaining a local market mentality.One of the biggest challenges a global company faces is the balancing act between global and local marketing efforts. Local markets can change within a matter of blocks, or miles. During the 2014 World Cup, McDonald’s demonstrated their continued mastery of the act globally; think locally philosophy with their GOL! FIFA World Cup campaign. By incorporating regular people around the world performing soccer tricks in their neighborhood, they created a feeling of community â€" not only with the neighborhood scenes in the commercial, but with the company that unites the world through hamburgers and an appreciation of soccer. Their campaign was global: it showed people from different cultures, in all walks of life; and it was local: small town feeling celebrates the everyday joy of soccer. Your company can create that same appeal by developing your company for the global market but maintaining the local connection.4. IDENTIFY COMPETITIONIn many instances, it is easy to identify the competition in business. An office supply store, for example, will immediately understand that their direct competition is the office supply store down the road. The competition may not be as easy to identify or understand when your company turns global.MasterCard and Visa, the credit card companies, may appear to be in competition with each other for customers. The rewards programs, lowering of interest rates and other incentives to select one company over another all work to entice the consumer to choose a particular company’s credit card offering. In reality, the true competition for these companies is cash and checks. In recent years, the non-credit card users have been losing ground, but historically cash trumps credit.The differences between cultures may present competition sources that surprise you. As your company prepares to enter the global market, look for cross market competition. By identifying who the competitors are, your company can prepare a marketing strategy to demonstrate key differences that will set your company apart. Correctly identifying the competition can help your company make the transition to a global empire smoothly.5. DOMESTIC MARKETING STILL MATTERSAs mentioned earlier, it is important to act globally but think locally. The domestic marketing of your company is still essential for continued success. One way to maintain a strong domestic presence is by making sure that the company’s marketing efforts are translated properly into local/national languages (or ensuring that translation support is available).Customers are impressed by global companies, but they want to buy from a local connection. This does not mean that a global company can’t succeed â€" it simply means that a locally marketed company will have a higher chance for success when the customer feels as though it is a local company. Local companies are engaged in the local scene â€" through specialized marketing, regional specialties and other location specific details are important to a company’s domestic marketing efforts. This can be seen in the addition of locally relevant items to menus (lobster sandwiches at McDonald’s in Maine, for example), or the highlighting of special events in a town.6. MAXIMIZE THE POWER OF THE INTERNETGlobal recognition is becoming easier through the power of the internet. With the rising popularity of smart phones, tablets and other internet-capable technology, having an internet presence is essential. For the global company, harnessing the internet to boost corporate recognition can help to establish a global presence. Through strategic marketing efforts, targeted campaigns can highlight new products, the development of additional services being offered, or the opening of new locations â€" all online. Those efforts can even be handled by someone who is nowhere near the actual business location; all due t o the power of the internet. The days of having to send someone to a specific location to start advertising are over â€" marketing is done in a whole new way. An entrepreneur who wants to take advantage of the global economy can easily insert their company into the global fray.In addition, the internet allows companies to become global without having to establish global offices. A small warehouse with an internet connection and access to shipping companies can send their products around the world easily. Customer service centers make 24-hour help lines possible, and email marketing offers companies a way to connect with customers in a meaningful way that helps the customer remain engaged with the company. The internet has increased the opportunities for a company to become a global force, without excessive additional costs.7. KEEP STRATEGIES SIMPLEWith the overwhelming amount of data, marketing, information and noise that fills the world; people are still unmistakably drawn to simpl icity. Studies have shown that in a choice between two logos, the simpler design always wins. People are drawn to simplicity, even if they aren’t aware of it. Regardless of geography, age or gender, there is an overwhelming search for simplicity in both technology and interpersonal relationships. When a company can offer their customers simplicity, the customer knows that they will be happier, and that will spill over into their everyday life. In essence, simplicity = happiness. A mistake that companies often fall into when considering the leap towards a global company is the development of complicated strategy that become cumbersome and laborious. A close evaluation of the companies who have managed to become successful entrepreneurs reveals that more than anything, simplicity is important.Across the board, simplicity must be introduced in customer service interactions, policies and procedures, marketing efforts and more. Simplicity does not mean that the services or products bei ng offered are simple â€" it means that the company has gone to great lengths to ensure that the customer can quickly and easily interact with the company in a meaningful way. This use of simplicity is a relationship building tool that results in a higher percentage of customer satisfaction and return business. It is clear: the companies that employ simplicity tend to win.8. CREATE GLOBAL/LOCAL PARTNERSHIPSThe local market is rich in opportunities for a company to develop partnerships. Humanitarian efforts, local suppliers, resources are all areas that a company can use to connect with a community. Applying that same technique on a global scale can benefit your company as you seek to go global. Find global initiatives that coincide with the mission of your company and form partnerships. Within those partnerships, establish local divisions that can work to further the global cause and further build community and connection.If your company mission is to help educate people about the b enefits of eating healthy, a global initiative may be the sourcing of clean drinking water. By promoting the cause of water, your company is helping to highlight a need, establishing itself as a trusted source of information and assistance, doing humanitarian work and building brand recognition as a company that is concerned about the world. Those connections can be beneficial on several levels: it helps the cause, it helps the world and it can lead to financial increase for your company. Find ways to partner with global and/or local organizations that you can relate to.9. BE ADAPTABLEIn spite of the pre-launch research, the hours laboriously studying logos and ad campaigns, the market research and surveys that were done, sometimes marketing strategies are a flop. Perhaps it is the product that needs to be modified to accommodate a different cultural need, or the company needs to change its focus. Whatever the reason, the company that is able to adapt to meet the needs of the market will be more likely to succeed.If your company is poised to go global, you have likely spent much-needed cash to invest in laying the groundwork for the new endeavor. It can be difficult to admit that the plan isn’t working, and that the company needs to make adaptations. Those adaptations, however, can be the difference between a company who ‘tried to go global’ and a company who ‘went global’. McDonald’s built their company on the business of selling good food, quickly and inexpensively. When the market began to shift, however, McDonald’s recognized the need to shift as well, and began to add healthier options to their menu. Roads are littered with the shells of empty restaurants that refused to adapt to the new demands of the market â€" and ultimately went out of business.Don’t be afraid to adapt to meet the changing needs of the world. Reinvent yourself, as needed, to continue to be relevant and competitive in the global marketplace.10. USE FEEDBACK AND DATA Thanks to the power of the internet, the business world is getting smaller. Through the global reach of the World Wide Web, a consumer can purchase clothes from France, wine from California, sponges from Greece and artwork from Italy â€" all from their couch in Idaho. For an entrepreneur, the siren call to build a global brand can be strong; from a lowly office space in a small town, it is entirely possible to build a company that spans the globe and create a financial empire. © Flickr | Troy ThompsonThrough this article, we’ll discover the top ten lessons that from successful global brands: 1) brand name is important, 2) find common ground, 3) act globally, think locally, 4) identify the competition, 5) domestic marketing still matters, 6) maximize the power of the internet, 7) keep strategies simple, 8) create partnerships, 9) be adaptable, and 10) use feedback and data.1. BRAND NAME IS IMPORTANTTravelling abroad brings a wealth of new experiences and challenges. Discovering new foods, trying something new, perhaps learning (or wishing you had learned) a new language â€" it all can be exhilarating and exciting. Regardless of how enthusiastic you are about your newfound love of exotic living, there is an oddly comforting feeling when you spot a sign for a business that is from your home country. You may not even go in, but just knowing that a piece of the familiar is there can bring about a small measure of peace of mind.If you are considering branching out into the global marketplace, there are a few key points about brand name that are extremely important. One of the primary concerns about developing a brand name for a global marketplace is to ensure that the name has universal appeal. Find the commonalities among people of all cultures and incorporate those ideas into choosing the right name for your company. In addition, make sure that the name you choose is easily understood on a global scale. If the name will require additional translation or explanati on, it is probably not the right name. Finally, ensure that the name does not get lost in translation. The word preservatives, for example, means additives to food that help prolong the lifespan of a product. That same word, préservatifs in French, however, means condom â€" a vast difference.Choosing a global brand name can be challenging, but is often the most recognizable piece of information a company can broadcast. Ensuring that the name is appropriate in multiple languages, has a universal appeal and can be understood by a majority of the world’s audiences is the first step in building a global economy. Once the name has been chosen, commit to building that brand on the global scale. 2. FIND COMMON GROUNDEven though the communities of the world are vastly different from one another, there are some commonalities of themes that unite people across the globe. Themes such as love, family and friendship reach beyond national borders and touch people â€" regardless of ethnicity or rationality. These ‘generic’ themes can center on the love of good food, the celebrations of life or the beauty of friendship. Families in Poland can identify with sitting down to eat a holiday meal, just like the families in France, China or Australia. Use the symbols and expressions of these common themes to promote the message of the company. By building your brand around these themes, it identifies to potential customers the values that the company deems important and helps to solidify the brand association with those themes.Using the common themes that have global appeal, your company can begin to develop a relationship with the customer. BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands study has shown that customers are more likely to buy from someone with whom they have a trusted relationship already established. This idea can be seen in the difference between Apple and Samsung. When put into a head-to-head lineup, the differences between the two companies are negligible. Howe ver, Apple out performs Samsung in sales every year. What is the secret ingredient that Samsung is lacking? Brand recognition and trust. Apple is a part of the vernacular now, and with the iPod, iPhone, iPad, they seem to have cornered the market on how to connect with the audience. Regardless of the minimal differences, people will repeatedly choose Apple because they are more familiar with the name.Find a common ground element that you can build your company around, and then maximize the opportunities to connect with the larger global market.3. ACT GLOBALLY, THINK LOCALLYWhile building a global company, it is easy to dismiss the local markets in favor of creating a world-dominator. Be careful not to fall into the trap of ignoring what happens in the smaller, more central local markets and spending all your time and money to build a universally approved company. Even though you have developed a globally themed company, there are benefits to maintaining a local market mentality.One of the biggest challenges a global company faces is the balancing act between global and local marketing efforts. Local markets can change within a matter of blocks, or miles. During the 2014 World Cup, McDonald’s demonstrated their continued mastery of the act globally; think locally philosophy with their GOL! FIFA World Cup campaign. By incorporating regular people around the world performing soccer tricks in their neighborhood, they created a feeling of community â€" not only with the neighborhood scenes in the commercial, but with the company that unites the world through hamburgers and an appreciation of soccer. Their campaign was global: it showed people from different cultures, in all walks of life; and it was local: small town feeling celebrates the everyday joy of soccer. Your company can create that same appeal by developing your company for the global market but maintaining the local connection.4. IDENTIFY COMPETITIONIn many instances, it is easy to identify the competi tion in business. An office supply store, for example, will immediately understand that their direct competition is the office supply store down the road. The competition may not be as easy to identify or understand when your company turns global.MasterCard and Visa, the credit card companies, may appear to be in competition with each other for customers. The rewards programs, lowering of interest rates and other incentives to select one company over another all work to entice the consumer to choose a particular company’s credit card offering. In reality, the true competition for these companies is cash and checks. In recent years, the non-credit card users have been losing ground, but historically cash trumps credit.The differences between cultures may present competition sources that surprise you. As your company prepares to enter the global market, look for cross market competition. By identifying who the competitors are, your company can prepare a marketing strategy to demonst rate key differences that will set your company apart. Correctly identifying the competition can help your company make the transition to a global empire smoothly.5. DOMESTIC MARKETING STILL MATTERSAs mentioned earlier, it is important to act globally but think locally. The domestic marketing of your company is still essential for continued success. One way to maintain a strong domestic presence is by making sure that the company’s marketing efforts are translated properly into local/national languages (or ensuring that translation support is available).Customers are impressed by global companies, but they want to buy from a local connection. This does not mean that a global company can’t succeed â€" it simply means that a locally marketed company will have a higher chance for success when the customer feels as though it is a local company. Local companies are engaged in the local scene â€" through specialized marketing, regional specialties and other location specific details a re important to a company’s domestic marketing efforts. This can be seen in the addition of locally relevant items to menus (lobster sandwiches at McDonald’s in Maine, for example), or the highlighting of special events in a town.6. MAXIMIZE THE POWER OF THE INTERNETGlobal recognition is becoming easier through the power of the internet. With the rising popularity of smart phones, tablets and other internet-capable technology, having an internet presence is essential. For the global company, harnessing the internet to boost corporate recognition can help to establish a global presence. Through strategic marketing efforts, targeted campaigns can highlight new products, the development of additional services being offered, or the opening of new locations â€" all online. Those efforts can even be handled by someone who is nowhere near the actual business location; all due to the power of the internet. The days of having to send someone to a specific location to start advertising ar e over â€" marketing is done in a whole new way. An entrepreneur who wants to take advantage of the global economy can easily insert their company into the global fray.In addition, the internet allows companies to become global without having to establish global offices. A small warehouse with an internet connection and access to shipping companies can send their products around the world easily. Customer service centers make 24-hour help lines possible, and email marketing offers companies a way to connect with customers in a meaningful way that helps the customer remain engaged with the company. The internet has increased the opportunities for a company to become a global force, without excessive additional costs.7. KEEP STRATEGIES SIMPLEWith the overwhelming amount of data, marketing, information and noise that fills the world; people are still unmistakably drawn to simplicity. Studies have shown that in a choice between two logos, the simpler design always wins. People are drawn to simplicity, even if they aren’t aware of it. Regardless of geography, age or gender, there is an overwhelming search for simplicity in both technology and interpersonal relationships. When a company can offer their customers simplicity, the customer knows that they will be happier, and that will spill over into their everyday life. In essence, simplicity = happiness. A mistake that companies often fall into when considering the leap towards a global company is the development of complicated strategy that become cumbersome and laborious. A close evaluation of the companies who have managed to become successful entrepreneurs reveals that more than anything, simplicity is important.Across the board, simplicity must be introduced in customer service interactions, policies and procedures, marketing efforts and more. Simplicity does not mean that the services or products being offered are simple â€" it means that the company has gone to great lengths to ensure that the customer can quickly and easily interact with the company in a meaningful way. This use of simplicity is a relationship building tool that results in a higher percentage of customer satisfaction and return business. It is clear: the companies that employ simplicity tend to win.8. CREATE GLOBAL/LOCAL PARTNERSHIPSThe local market is rich in opportunities for a company to develop partnerships. Humanitarian efforts, local suppliers, resources are all areas that a company can use to connect with a community. Applying that same technique on a global scale can benefit your company as you seek to go global. Find global initiatives that coincide with the mission of your company and form partnerships. Within those partnerships, establish local divisions that can work to further the global cause and further build community and connection.If your company mission is to help educate people about the benefits of eating healthy, a global initiative may be the sourcing of clean drinking water. By promoting the c ause of water, your company is helping to highlight a need, establishing itself as a trusted source of information and assistance, doing humanitarian work and building brand recognition as a company that is concerned about the world. Those connections can be beneficial on several levels: it helps the cause, it helps the world and it can lead to financial increase for your company. Find ways to partner with global and/or local organizations that you can relate to.9. BE ADAPTABLEIn spite of the pre-launch research, the hours laboriously studying logos and ad campaigns, the market research and surveys that were done, sometimes marketing strategies are a flop. Perhaps it is the product that needs to be modified to accommodate a different cultural need, or the company needs to change its focus. Whatever the reason, the company that is able to adapt to meet the needs of the market will be more likely to succeed.If your company is poised to go global, you have likely spent much-needed cash to invest in laying the groundwork for the new endeavor. It can be difficult to admit that the plan isn’t working, and that the company needs to make adaptations. Those adaptations, however, can be the difference between a company who ‘tried to go global’ and a company who ‘went global’. McDonald’s built their company on the business of selling good food, quickly and inexpensively. When the market began to shift, however, McDonald’s recognized the need to shift as well, and began to add healthier options to their menu. Roads are littered with the shells of empty restaurants that refused to adapt to the new demands of the market â€" and ultimately went out of business.Don’t be afraid to adapt to meet the changing needs of the world. Reinvent yourself, as needed, to continue to be relevant and competitive in the global marketplace.10. USE FEEDBACK AND DATAAs with any new venture, it is essential to occasionally take stock of how the company is doing. Exploring global options with a company may open opportunities that were never considered before, or it may demonstrate ways that the company can improve and grow. Regardless of the goal of the global focus, make sure to ask for customer feedback along the way. Short surveys, email responses, phone calls to customers and other methods of collecting customer data are all vital to growing a global company. Using the information from feedback is especially important as the company considers the global marketing efforts â€" what is received in one market may not be working in another. Finding the balance between global and local campaigns and mastering the cross cultural approach can test a company’s endurance and perseverance. Regular check-ups of the company will help to determine the success (or failure) of methods and give guidance for future strategies.Image credit:  Flickr | Troy Thompson under Attribution 2.0 Generic.

Ethical Issues in Counselling Term Papers - Free Essay Example

Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice Ethical decision-making is an evolutionary process that requires you to be continually open and self-critical. Recognizing the potential for countertransference: what are your own needs? Do you have areas of unfinished business? Are there potential personal conflicts that would interfere with helping the client? Do you recognize your own areas of prejudice and vulnerabilities? Counselor impairment often leads to countertransference. The more common characteristics of impairment are: †¢ Fragile self-esteem Difficulty establishing intimacy in one’s personal life †¢ Professional isolation †¢ A need to rescue clients †¢ A need for reassurance about one’s attractiveness or one’s competence †¢ A substance abuse Countertransference can show itself in many ways. The following are most common: 1. Being overprotective with a client. 2. Treating clients in benign, superficial ways. 3. Rejecting a client. 4. Needing constant reinforcement and approval. 5. Seeing yourself in you clients. 6. Developing sexual or romantic feelings toward a client. . Giving advice compulsively. 8. Desiring a social relationship with a client. 9. Delaying termination Whose needs are being met in this relationship—my client’s or my own? Is it unethical to meet our personal needs through our professional work? Don’t we benefit by being nurturing, feeling adequate, displaying competence, being respected and appreciated? Steps in Ethical Decision-Making 1. Identify the potential problem. Is the problem mainly ethical, legal, professional, clinical, or moral? 2. Identify the potential issues for both you and the client. 3. Review the ethical codes for your profession. Are you own values and ethics consistent with or in conflict with the relevant guidelines? 4. Consider the applicable laws and regulations. 5. Seek consultation from other professionals or from your professional organization. 6. Brainstorm possible courses of action. 7. Evaluate the consequences of possible courses of action. 8. Decide on the best possible course of action. 9. Follow up to evaluate the outcomes INFORMED CONSENT: clients must be provided with information that they need to made informed choices; their rights and responsibilities must be given to them in paper form and they must sign that they have read and agree with the information. Includes: goals of counseling, the responsibilities of the counselor toward the client, the responsibilities of clients, limitations of and exceptions to confidentiality, legal and ethical parameters of the therapeutic relationship, the qualifications and background of the therapist, the fees involved, the approximate length of the therapeutic process. See handout for model. CONFIDENTIALITY: information shared in the clinical setting must be kept private, but confidentiality is not an absolute and exceptions must be explained to the client. Confidentiality must be broken when it is clear that the client may do serious harm to either themselves or others. There is a legal requirement to report incidences of child abuse, abuse of the elderly and of dependent adults. Confidentiality must be breached if a client under the age of 16 is a victim of incest, rape, abuse or some other crime; when the client needs hospitalization, when information is made an ssue of court action and when the client requests that records be released. Clients must also be informed if the therapist may be discussing details of the relationship with a supervisor or a colleague. DUAL AND MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS: counselors must not assume two or more roles (sexual or non-sexual) simultaneously or sequentially with a client. Examples given include bartering for ser vices, borrowing money from a client, providing therapy to a friend, a relative or employee, accepting an expensive gift from a client, or going into a business venture with a client. Any multiple relationship that would impair the therapist’s objectivity, competence or effectiveness is not allowed; multiple relationships that do not cause impairment or risk exploitation are not unethical. Can you give some examples? MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE: theories and practices of counseling must take into consideration the worldviews of all populations that enter into a therapeutic relationship. Example: Euro-American culture emphasizes the importance of individuality and independence as the foundation for maturity. Some cultures value collectivist and communal ethics and consider the group more important than the self. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC COMPETENCE: diagnostic assessments are based on the DSM-IV-TR (2000); correct diagnosis is central to the counseling process, although there are those who avoid diagnosis based on the notion that it is counterproductive: Yalom believes that â€Å"diagnosis limits vision, diminishes a therapist’s ability to relate to a client as a person, and may result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. † (p. 44) Assessment and Diagnosis Procedures 1. Clinical Interview [pic]Unstructured: flexible; suggestive leads from therapist; clinical judgment may be biased pic]Structured: standardized questions; increased reliability and validity; model from DSM-IV: Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) 2. Mental Status Exam [pic]Appearance/Behavior [pic]Thought Processes/Perceptions: flow, continuity of thought, rational, speed, delusions, ideas of reference, hallucinations [pic]Mood/Affect: appropriate; flat; blunted; ina ppropriate; prominent feeling [pic]Intellectual Functioning: vocabulary, insight, abstractions, memory [pic]Sensorium by person, time, place: oriented x 3; awareness of surroundings and reality . Behavioral assessment: tracking by the clinician or the client (self-monitoring) or the client’s family; in the office or in real life (home or school): direct observation; specific context; ABC model: antecedent behaviors(target behavior(consequences; 4. Environmental Assessment: rating the family system, the school, the community setting or a long-term care institution; example: See Family Background Questionnaire 5. Psychophysiological assessment: measurement of one or more of the physiological processes that reflect autonomic nervous system activity: heart rate, skin conductance, muscle activity, brain electric activity, pulse and body temperature. 6. Neuroimaging: Noninvasive technologies for imaging the brain: CAT, MRI, PET, SPECT are most familiar methods 7. Psychological Testing [pic]Self-report inventories (see Beck Depression Inventory; Child Bipolar Assessment) [pic]â€Å"Draw a person† [pic] Psychological Inventories: MMPI-2 and NEO-PI-R; PAI [pic]Projective Tests: Rorschach, TAT pic]Intelligence Tests: Stanford-Binet; WAIS-III; WISC-III; WPPSI [pic]Neurological assessment: Bender-Gestalt, Trail Making Test, Weschler Memory; Halstead-Reitan; Luria-Nebraska 8. THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI-2) †¢ 567 true/false statements related to self (behaviors, thoughts, feelings) †¢ provides ten clinical scales and three validity scales †¢ Hypochondriasi s †¢ Depression †¢ Hysteria (psychosomatic symptoms) †¢ Psychopathic deviance †¢ Masculinity-femininity †¢ Paranoia Psychasthenia (obsessions, fears, guilt) †¢ Schizophrenia †¢ Hypomania (emotional excitement) †¢ Social introversion †¢ Lie scale (L) †¢ False Positive scale (K) †¢ False Negative scale (F) Diagnosis of Pathology with a medical model (related to ICD-10) by description rather than explanation by category: either you do or you do not meet the symptom criteria (DSM and ICD use this approach) by dimension: where do you fall along a continuum of mild, moderate, severe. by time: chronic, acute, continuous, episodic Why diagnose? pic]a common language among professionals [pic] indication of etiology (cause) of a disorder [pic] narrows down treatment modalities [pic]allows for scientific research on syndromes [pic] enables third party payment The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR ) (2000): the diagnostic bible: the most widely used diagnostic systems in the United States; approved by the APA. This is a multiaxial classification system, which means that there are five axes (principle structures or dimensions) on which to diagnose: [pic]Axis I: Clinical Syndromes. The traditional clinical labels are included on this axis. These clinical disorders are the subject of any psychopathology course; i. e. , mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, gender-related disorders, personality disorders [pic]Axis II: Personality Disorders/Mental Retardation. There are ten personality disorders included on Axis II. These disorders are generally observed in childhood or adolescence and may persist in stability over time. Insurance will not cover treatment for personality disorders. These most often are secondary to an Axis I diagnosis. Mental Retardation is included on Axis II, perhaps because of its chronicity [pic]Axis III: General Medical Conditions. All medical problems that may relate to psychological problems are listed here [pic]Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems. Listed here are any sources of difficulty during the past year, or anticipated events that would be stressful. [pic]Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The present level of adaptive functioning in three areas: personal relationships, occupational functioning and use of leisure time. Scale from 1 (suicidal, homicidal) to 100 (superior functioning). Weaknesses and criticisms of the DSM-IV-TR (â€Å"a strange mix of social values, political compromise, scientific evidence and material for insurance claim forms†) 1. the subjectivity of the diagnostician 2. heavy reliance on the medical model (assuming symptoms of underlying pathologies) 3. weak empirical data for some categories of disorders (personality disorders) 4. disorders are not mutually exclusive and may overlap into another 5. oes not include etiology or treatment recommendations (descriptive, not explanatory) 6. stigmatization of labeling an individual with a disorder 7. effect on individual’s sense of esteem or competence 8. may produce a self-fulfilling prophecy 9. subject to psychological or social influences; may be biased against women; are feminine personality characteristics perceived as pathological, i. e. personality disorders such as histrionic and dependent 10. .insensitive to cult ure-bound disorders To review the Code of Ethics for the following professional organizations, check out the website for: 1. American Counseling Association (ACA) https://www. counseling. org/resources/ethics. htm#ce 2. American Psychological Association (APA) https://www. apa. org/ethics/code2002. html 3. National Association of Social Workers (NASW) https://www. naswdc. org/pubs/code/default. asp 4. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) https://www. aamft. org/resources/LRMPlan/index_nm. asp

Understanding Diffusion in Geography

In geography, the term diffusion refers to the spread of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease, technology, weather, and other factors from place to place. This kind of proliferation is known as spatial diffusion. The three main types of this phenomenon are expansion diffusion, stimulus diffusion, and relocation diffusion.   Spatial Globalization is a form of spatial diffusion. Inside the home of an average American couple, youll find a good example of globalization. For instance, a womans handbag may have been made in France, her computer in China, while her spouses shoes may have come from Italy, his car from Germany, hers from Japan, and their furniture from Denmark. Spatial diffusion begins at a clear point of origin and spreads from there. How quickly and through what channels the diffusion spreads determines its class or category. Contagious and Hierarchal Expansion Expansion diffusion comes in two types: contagious and hierarchal. Infectious diseases are a prime example of contagious expansion. A disease follows no rules, nor does it recognize borders as it spreads. A forest fire is another example that fits this category. In the case of social media, memes and viral videos spread from person to person in contagious expansion diffusion as they are shared. Its no coincidence that something that spreads quickly and widely on social media is deemed going viral. Religions spread through contagious diffusion as well, as people must come in contact with a belief system to somehow to learn about and adopt it. Hierarchical diffusion follows a chain of command, something you see in business, government, and the military. The CEO of a company or the leader of a government body generally knows information before it is disseminated among a wider employee base or the general public. Fads and trends that start with one community before spreading to the wider public can also be hierarchical. Hip-hop music springing up in urban centers is one example. Slang expressions that owe their genesis to one particular age group before being more widely adopted—and perhaps eventually making it into the dictionary—would be another. Stimulus In stimulus diffusion, a trend catches on but is changed as it is adopted by different groups, such as when a certain religion is adopted by a population but the practices are blended with the customs of the existing culture. When slaves brought Voodoo, which has its origins in African tradition, to America, it was blended with Christianity, incorporating many of that religions important saints. Stimulus diffusion can also apply to the more mundane as well. Cat yoga, an exercise fad in the United States, is much different than the traditional meditative practice. Another example would be the menus of McDonalds restaurants from around the world. While they resemble the original, many have been adapted to suit local tastes and regional religious food doctrines. Relocation In relocation diffusion, that which moves leaves behind its point of origin but rather than simply being changed along the way or changing when it arrives at a new destination, it may also change points along the journey as well as the eventual destination, simply by being introduced there. In nature, relocation diffusion can be illustrated by the movement of air masses that spawn storms as they spread across a landscape. When people immigrate from country to country—or simply move from the country to the city—they often share cultural traditions and practices with their new community when they arrive. These traditions may even be adopted by their new neighbors. (This is especially true of food traditions.) Relocation diffusion can occur in the business community as well. When new employees come to a company with good ideas from their previous workplaces, smart employers will recognize the found knowledge as an opportunity and leverage it improve their own companies.